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Legislation

Online Safety Act 2023

Protects individuals from online harmful content by holding online platforms (eg. social media & search services) accountable by giving regulators the power to act where users are exposed to abuse, threats, or hate online.

Equality Act 2010

Protects individuals from discrimination based on nine protected characteristics (such as sex, race, religion, age and disability etc) in various settings, including employment, education and access to services.

Human Rights Act 1998

Incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law, requiring public bodies to act compatibly with these rights and compelling courts to interpret legislation in a way that aligns with them. Most relevant are highlighted.

Public Order Act 1986

Criminalises using words / behaviour, or displaying any written material intended to stir up racial and religious hatred. However, for racial hatred actions only have to be abusive but have to be threatening for religious hatred.

Crime and Disorder Act 1998

It introduced racially and religiously aggravated offences, creating more serious versions of existing crimes where the offence was motivated by hostility towards someone's race or religion.

Protection from Harassment Act 1997

Harassment including stalking, intimidation, and persistent online abuse motivated by hostility towards a person's race or religion can become a hate crime, carrying higher penalties than standard harassment.

Football Offences Act 1991 (section 3)

This Act targets a specific form of football-related hate crime making it an offence to make racist chants involving threatening, abusive, or insulting content based on colour, race, or ethnic/national origins.

Communications Acts 2003 & 1988

For prosecuting grossly offensive communications (e.g. letters, electronic messages, and social media posts) intended to cause distress or anxiety and motivated by hostility toward someone's race or religion.

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